: Background/Objectives: Cystoscopy is necessary for diagnosing bladder cancer, but it has limitations in identifying ambiguous lesions, such as carcinoma in situ (CIS), which leads to a high recurrence rate of bladder cancer.
With the significant advancements in deep learning in the medical field, several studies have explored its application in cystoscopy. This study aimed to utilize the VGG19 and Deeplab v3+ deep learning models to classify and segment cystoscope images, respectively. Methods
/Objectives: Cystoscopy is necessary for diagnosing bladder cancer, but it has limitations in identifying ambiguous lesions, such as carcinoma in situ (CIS), which leads to a high recurrence rate of bladder cancer. With the significant advancements in deep learning in the medical field, several studies have explored its application in cystoscopy.
This study aimed to utilize the VGG19 and Deeplab v3+ deep learning models to classify and segment cystoscope images, respectively.
: We classified cystoscope images obtained from 772 patients based on morphology (normal, papillary, flat, mixed) and biopsy
(normal, Ta, T1, T2, CIS, etc.). Experienced urologists annotated and labeled the lesion areas and image categories. The classification model for bladder cancer lesion, annotated with pathological results, was developed using VGG19 with an additional fully connected layer, utilizing sparse categorical cross-entropy as the loss function.
The Deeplab v3+ model was used for segmenting each morphological type of bladder cancer in the cystoscope images, employing the dice coefficient loss function.
The classification model was evaluated using validation accuracy and correlation with biopsy results, while the segmentation model was assessed using the Intersection over Union (IoU) combined with bi
section, we will review current ongoing research related to cystoscopy and address the advantages and
s: In this study, we applied two deep learning models using well-annotated datasets of cystoscopic images. Both VGG19 and Deeplab v3+ demonstrated high performance in classification and segmentation, respectively. These models can serve as valuable tools for bladder cancer research and may aid in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.
Keywords: bladder cancer; cystoscopy; artificial intelligence; deep learning Cancers 2025 ,17, 57 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17010057Cancers 2025 ,17, 57 2 of 12 1.